The Battle Over Same-Sex Marriage Essay -- Gay Marriage

Same-sex marriage has developed into to a national issue. In 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court decided that equivalent sex couples reserved the option to wed which incited a firestorm of discussion. The conversation reaches out from private livings rooms and neighborhood watering gaps; right to the floor of the U.S. Congress and the White House. The discussion about same-sex marriage has become a hot catch issue, which pits mainstream progressives who bolster gay-rights against strict and social conventionalists battling for the holiness of marriage. At the point when La Shawn Barber, Anna Quindlen, Andrew Sullivan and the editors at National Review composed their assessment pieces with respect to the subject of same-sex marriage the discussion had just been seething for a long time it despite everything is today. Independent author La Shawn Barber and the editors of National Review contradict same-sex marriage and contend that legitimizing same-sex marriage would on a very basic level reclassify marriage and debilitate it as a social organization. On the other hand, contributing editorial manager of Newsweek magazine, Anna Quindlen, and â€Å"The Daily Dish† blogger Andrew Sullivan bolster same-sex marriage and stress that equivalent sex couples ought to be dealt with the same than hetero couples, including with regards to one side to wed. In â€Å"The Loving Decision,† Quindlen utilizes the case of the notable legal dispute Loving v. Virginia, which legitimized interracial marriage, to contend that gay people ought to be permitted to wed whomever they need. Quindlen keeps up that the Loving v. Virginia case is pertinent to the current battle for same-sex marriage since this is an issue of social equality infringement, much like the first case from 1968. Interestingly, Barber, counters in â€Å"Interracial Marriage: Slippery Slo... ...Division of Public Health. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. 18 Nov. 2003. Print. Quindlen, Anna. The Loving Decision. The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 14 Nov. 2008. Web. 28 March 2015. . Sullivan, Andrew. The Right's Contempt For Gay Lives. The Atlantic. 8 Apr. 2009. Web. 28 March 2015. . Vamburkar, Meenal. Coulter To Hannity: Liberals Use Judicial Activism To Invent Rightsâ„ ¢ Like Abortion, Gay Marriage. Coulter To Hannity: Liberals Use Judicial Activism To Invent Rightsâ„ ¢ Like Abortion, Gay Marriage. 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 28 March 2015. .

Analysis Of Aint Any Makin It Sociology Essay

Investigation Of Aint Any Makin It Sociology Essay The article is a basic investigation from a sociological perspective of the book aint No Making it, third version by Jay McLeod and distributed in 2008. The writer separated the book into three unmistakable parts; section one The Hallway Hangers and the Brothers as Teenagers, section two Eight Years Later; Low pay, Low salary and the last part Aint No makin It. Through the eyes of the two gatherings utilized by McLeod, the siblings (dark minority young men) and the Hallways (white young men) we can plainly observe what unfolds in an American cultural setting. The two gatherings lived and concentrated in similar conditions however every ha changed desires and yearning, this is based on their race. The Brothers saw an open society as the manner in which life ought to be lived and held the assessment that the challenges they are experiencing is because of prejudice their progenitors experienced. Hence, they attempt however much as could be expected to take part in socially satisfactory habits. This gathering has elevated standard just as yearning. Then again, the Hallways don't acknowledge a similar accomplishment philosophy held by the Brothers. The people in this gathering have lost expectation, take drugs, drop from school in addition to participating in a horde of different exercises considered illicit. From the creator, the two gatherings didn't get themselves out of destitution. The explanation I wager is that there are various boundaries in the general public that obstructed their mission of getting themselves out of neediness. It is important that various different ideas according to sociological perspective obviously rise. These incorporate social clash, destitution, sexual orientation and racial disparity, guys as good example, political force, cynicism, instruction and society/elites and generational versatility (McLeod 17). Social clash From social clash hypothesis which contends that people just as gatherings in a given society do at some random time have changed measure of both material and non material assets. Consequently, those considered affluent or rich and all the more impressive endeavor the less favored. Another hypothesis that will be dissected along the social clash one is Bourdieu social conceptive hypothesis which declares that those children conceived by common laborers guardians will naturally wind up securing better positions. It is obvious that the Brothers acknowledged that the challenges in life they are looking at present are only because of the genuine racial segregation their fore dads experienced. An average case of social clash is in the field of training in the book. Those children from lower class families are treated in a way by the instructors that propose they (understudies) are less equipped. In this manner they are put in a lower track as they need chances to build up their language. In this classification, these understudies are just prepared to further down the road take blue shading employments while those from well-off families are prepared to take white shading occupations. Furthermore, the two sorts of school, open and private furnish us with a reasonable differentiation between where kids from well off and poor foundation go to class (McLeod 287). On a similar note, understudies from less special families are hindered by their habits, the manner in which they talk, dress and esteemed not to be fit and esteemed in the training frameworks Social clash likewise emerge when the Hallways see their skin as being oppressed by the American governmental policy regarding minorities in society which target giving equivalent chances to all Americans. They are of the assessment that the dark are supported because of their skin shading and the whit young men even revile their shading. Frankie stated, Well I look today, and in the event that anybody should got an opportunity to make it, its fuckin, its dark individuals. They got an opportunity to make it. Cuz theres screwing standards to be filled. (McLeod 187) It is from this point of view that the two gatherings hold differed accomplishment belief system. It is obvious that in spite of their hardship, the Brothers consider themselves to be people who will beat all chances and make it in life through training and participating in helpful exercises. Then again, the Hallways have no expectations of making it throughout everyday life and are under cynicism. One thing appears to be evident, that basic hindrances square both the Brothers and the Hallways from escaping destitution. From a nearby assessment of occasions, it is in my view that difficult work do pay while different factors, for example, race, sex among others are simply auxiliary or assume negligible job in future achievement of people. Sex and racial imbalance Sex and racial imbalance is an idea that alludes to out of line treatment of an individual as a result of his sex/sexual orientation and his/her race or skin shading. In the book, the writer through his very much idea and painted characters bring out plainly separation as far as race. From the view purpose of the Hallways, lacking male good example brings to their psyche some part of sexual orientation disparity. They Lack the direction just as the chance to gain from them, and so far as that is concerned, they don't regard their moms and senior sisters as being in a situation to give them the direction they need throughout everyday life. Absence of male good example have renders these folks (Hallways) to be sad throughout everyday life and when asked what they will be in the following twenty, years, their reaction is stunning, they state they will be in prison or even dead (McLeod 341). The issue of bigotry has been confronting Americans from as long as human race appeared and began moving to America. From the beginning of the book, the Brothers guarantee that they are in their troublesome circumstance because of how uncalled for their progenitors were dealt with. This came about to them (progenitors) being denied equivalent work and training openings. The Brothers are sufficiently bold to come out of this restricted sort of deduction to contend energetically to recover their status on account of various changes, for example, positive activities and equivalent work openings. Then again, the Hallways in spite of the way that they are white which would mean being in a superior situation to show signs of improvement training and occupations are in more anguish simply like their dark partners. They attest that the dark are supported as they have taken all employments because of the administration approaches, Hallways further case that they see their skin shading as work ing an against them, hence they are rehearsing bigotry as they don't agree with the blacks. In spite of this, the Brothers after observing a component of prejudice simply work away from it (McLeod 442). Generational portability Generational portability an idea used to portray how a given human age finds their approaches to the following social class has is obvious in McLeod book. Generally, human race have battled to improve their live by doing everything conceivable inside their range. One is the journey to ascend the social stepping stool. Differed way of thinking exist that attempt to legitimize how this is achieved. There are the individuals who hold that ones family foundation directs how far an individual will ascend in cultural separation. Then again, accomplishment ideologists emphatically accept that all these cultural perspectives, for example, sex, race, family foundation are auxiliary and assume no or negligible job in directing how one age will ascend starting with one level then onto the next. What is significant is the longing and difficult work of doing as such. Both the Brothers and the Hallways are brought from devastated family foundation. One gathering, the Brothers, the dark minority in America society in spite of being raised in an impeded society; they are painted as people who are exceptionally hopeful and make a solid effort to accomplish their fantasies and wants. They draw in themselves in exercises that are in accordance with positive living just as in accordance with the countrys law. They work very buckle down in school so as to achieve better evaluations. It is important that regardless of the way that their folks were persecuted beforehand and didn't get the chances to go to class, they against all odd help their children in all manners conceivable. Be that as it may, the Brothers neglected to make their ideal progress and censure themselves for this disappointment (McLeod 271). Then again, the Hallways were dispirited by their self annihilation and ended up enjoying drugs, dropping from school. They accuse every single other individual in the general public for example schools, guardians, the network the general public and each one around them however neglect to perceive what job they have played in making their lives the manner in which it is. It is for holding the possibility of cynicism, worriers and ignoring accomplishment belief system that the Hallways didn't accomplish any versatility that could have helped them and the coming age to climb the stepping stool. From my perspective, for any future human age to acknowledge versatility, the current age need not to concentrate on what was fouled up yet to make enhancement for what was fouled up. From my investigation, there is nobody better social hypothesis that can sufficiently clarify sociological perspectives in any cultural settings. Because of the way that every single sociological idea and point of view are firmly connected to each other, crediting one to be of more significance as I would like to think isn't being levelheaded and sound enough in attempting to address these impacts. Neediness The creator has laid an accentuation on the issue of neediness in the general public. In the book aint no creation it, great experiences I to lives of adolescent young men who live in a low salary neighborhood Clarendon Heights where the peruser is compelled to rethink ones ideas and view of neediness just as its causes in the general public. The book takes a gander at the American philosophy on accomplishment and places into question its impact child the general public. The book goes to legitimize the way that individuals are not poor basically on the grounds that they are sluggish yet rather because of various auxiliary obstructions in the general public that traps them into the endless loop of neediness. It proceeds to show how the social structure and the manner in which the general public is close-disapproved

Why Self-Reported Grades - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Why Self-Reported Grades - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Why Self-Reported Grades? In our admissions recruitment system, we have 39,427 organizations listed as high schools. We have schools with 1,500+ seniors and schools with one senior. We have Syrupmakers and Sea Kings, Jaguars and Leopards, Dragons and Wolverines, and even Jem Bears and Unicorns (You go Unicorns!). And you know what? It seems like all 39,427 schools have their own way of doing things, especially when it comes to grades. Different grading scales, different grades, different weighting systems, and just plain being different in how they do things. Even the transcripts look different, with some being hand-written, some being 12 pages long, and some with grades from kindergarten up to 12th grade. The one big thing in common is that many of them will have students applying to UGA, and we have to somehow convert these varying grades and grading scales into a somewhat common GPA system so we can look at the academics on a level playing field. As you can guess, the recalculation of GPAs for 27,000+ applications takes a while. And the more time we spend on trying to figure out a GPA, the less time we have to do holistic file reads. As well, the longer we take in trying to decipher each grading system, the longer it takes to get out admission decisions. This is why we decided roughly eight years ago to ask our applicants to self-report their high school grades on their application. UGA uses these self-reported grades as a framework for the GPA calculation, and our evaluation team then reviews the transcript in every file to make sure we have the correct grades and GPA. Occasionally students make minor errors in self-reporting grades, and that is okay, as we double check them compared to the official transcript. In the past eight years, we have been able to roughly double the number of files we review in the holistic file reading process, and we have also made decisions roughly 3-4 weeks earlier than our time frame prior to s elf-reported grades, all while having roughly the same level of staffing. While we have tried to make our self-reported grades system as simple as possible, here are a few common issues we face every year: First things first, get a copy of your transcript. We will be looking at your grades on a transcript, so it only makes sense to have the same thing in your hands when you self-report your grades. Enter in the grades from the transcript, even if your school has added points to a teachers grades on the transcript. See grades, enter grades. A secondary reason for self-reported grades is so you can see your core courses and grades over the past three years, as you might have forgotten exactly how you did in your classes from 1-2 years ago. Most of our applicants have taken HS courses in middle school, so this is not an uncommon thing for us to see. But in our GPA calculation, we only want to use the grades made in 9th grade and beyond. Only enter in grades made in your HS years. HS courses taken in middle school years can be used for state requirements, but we do not use them in the GPA. If your transcript has only year long grades in your core courses worth a full credit, use the year long grades in the self-reported section (so generally 5-6 grades per year on average). If your transcript shows semester grades worth half a credit, put in the semester grades in the self-reported section. Many semester system grades might have a yearly average grade as well, but we only want the semester grades. The one oddity is if your school has a mix of grade types (usually semester for most with occasional courses having only year grades). If this is the case, report everything as semester grades, and count the year grades twice (as 1 year grade = 2 semester grades). Use what is on the transcript. If you have taken DE courses, or courses at another high school, you should only report these grades if they are on your official HS transcript, and only if they are core courses. As well, if you took summer courses, we are fine with you listing these under either year that surrounds that summer (for example either junior or senior year if taken in the summer prior to senior year). We ask for the total number of AP/IB grades because that is what we use for adding weight for the GPA. We dont use Honors in our weighting system because, unlike AP and IB courses, Honors courses are not standardized nationally. We still use Honors and Advanced courses in our curriculum review, just not in our GPA calculation. We have been doing this for eight years, so trust that we know all the oddities, and go by what the instructions say on the self-reported grades. This is not our first self-reported grades rodeo. Please let me know if you have questions, and Go Dawgs!

Chemical and biological weapons - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 655 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Biology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? OUTLINE 1. Intro- Chemical and biological weapons first appeared in a large quantity in the First World War. Chemical weapons, such as sarin, nerve gas, and mustard gas, have to be made in a laboratory. Biological weapons, such as Typhus, Q fever, and Anthrax, can be viruses or bacteria. Chemical and Biological weapons have few advantages and so many disadvantages that the advantages aren’t worth the possible effects. 2. Paragraph 1-advantages that can be turned into disadvantages a. Point 1-killing thousands of enemies . Point 2-not necessary, there are viable, safer alternatives c. Point 3-spread like fire d. Point 4-Kill many, unable to focus on specific targets easily 3. Paragraph 2-Disadvantages that can’t be turned into good things a. Point 1-have lasting effects b. Point 2-Biological weapons micro-organisms c. Point 3-cult attack, terrorism 4. Paragraph 3-Disadvantages-storage and dumping the waste a. Point 1-getting rid of them is a long, costly, dangero us process b. Point 2-two new storage facilities c. Point 3-Chernobyl . Conclusion-chemical and biological weapons are extremely dangerous and harmful. Chemical and biological weapons do get the job done. However, they cause unnecessary deaths in some of the most horrific ways and are difficult to dispose of. This is why they should be banned for safety reasons. Chemical and Biological weapons Chemical and biological weapons first appeared in a large quantity in the First World War. Chemical weapons, such as sarin, nerve gas, and mustard gas, have to be made in a laboratory. Biological weapons, such as Typhus, Q fever, and Anthrax, can be viruses or bacteria. Chemical and Biological weapons have few advantages and so many disadvantages that the advantages aren’t worth the possible effects. There are some â€Å"advantages† to Chemical and biological weapons. Most Chemical and Biological weapons are capable of killing thousands with only one gram of the toxin. But, is loss of life on that scale really necessary to win a war. You could just use bombs. Biological weapons and Chemical weapons spread like a wildfire when unleashed on the public. Biological and chemical weapons that spread like this kill indiscriminately and cause many unintended deaths. Most Biological weapons have many lasting effects. Anthrax, most known for its use with terrorist plots, stays in soil for 50 years. The nuclear fallout from an atomic bomb, which is considered a chemical weapon, can stay in the ground for about fifty years too. Biological weapons are considered alive because they are made up of micro-organisms. Chemical and biological weapons are able to become airborne and cause many injuries. This was demonstrated in 1994, in the city of Matsumoto, population of300, 000, when a cult let loose a cloud of deadly sarin gas just to kill three judges that were prosecuting them. 7 people died and 200 needed a nights stay at the hospital. Getting rid of the chemica l and biological weapons is a long process. The U. S. government has already destroyed 60% of its stockpiles. The military is planning on building two new storage facilities. These facilities will be located at Blue Grass, Kentucky and Pueblo, Colorado. But, most people do not want any of these weapons near them. If the safety procedures override, the chemical and biological agents might be spread down wind and affect the surrounding areas. It would be like the Chernobyl incident. Chernobyl happened when the reactors melted, spreading radiation downwind. Thousands of people were affected. Think that but with deadly gases and chemicals. Chemical and biological weapons are extremely dangerous and harmful. Chemical and biological weapons do get the job done. However, they cause unnecessary deaths in some of the most horrific ways and are difficult to dispose of. This is why they should be banned for safety reasons and because they cause so many deaths. Works Cited Chemical Weapon . Enclyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Web. . Eisler, Peter. Chemical Weapons Disposal on Fast Track. USA TODAY 5 May 2009: Web. 24 Dec 2009. . Olson, Kyle. Aum Shinriko: Once and Future Threat?. CDC-Emerging Infectious Diseases 5. 4 (1999). Web. 24 Dec 2009. . Sasheedran, WARFARE. WARFARE. 1999. ThinkQuest, Web. 24 Dec 2009. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Chemical and biological weapons" essay for you Create order

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Father Free Essays

Essay Tips for AAID504 Contemporary Interiors Essay Hand-in to Registry on Wednesday 1st May 2013 ‘This module looks critically at contemporary interiors, both as a practice and from a spatial, material and responsive viewpoint. It aims to enable students to devise an informed and critical position to the subject and to develop a viable proposal for their extended essay in level 6. Additionally the module aims to enable this critical position to be fed back into the design work. We will write a custom essay sample on Father or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ The essay should be about 3000 words, illustrated and referenced. It is worth 70% of the module mark. Its topic (at least as a starting point) should be one of the subjects covered in the presentations. In the appendix you should include one or two sheets about each of your presentations. The subject matter was: Subject 1: Interior Practice: what does an interior architect do? What are their methods of practice? What other disciplines are referred to? Subject 2: Interior Objects: which interiors should be considered important or relevant? Under what terms and how should they be discussed? Subject 3: Interior Occupation: what is the experience of the occupant? How can one discuss something so subjective? How does the occupant inform the design process? Defining your essay subject What? Sum up what your essay is about in just one or two sentences. What are your key questions? Why? What is the significance of your subject? Why is it interesting, or important to you? How? What texts will you refer to? You should start with ones used during the term. You might then expand on these as your topic requires. What other sources will you use: a case study, interviews, your own experience etc? Research If you are using one of your own presentation topics some of this will have been done. You need to read your selected text/s carefully and make notes in your own words. Avoid cutting and pasting, or copying huge chunks from the books or articles as you risk committing plagiarism by accident. When you reference something in your essay you will need to state: author, date, title, page so make a note as you go. Writing the Essay Introduction Outline your subject. What are the questions you will be asking and why are they important or interesting? Tip sometimes it is easier to write the introduction at the end. (@500 words) Literature Review Summarise how you have researched your subject. Main Body of Text Divide your questions/ideas/points/arguments into 3-5 main areas, which will become the main sections of the essay. Decide on a logical order for these sections and work out how much you need to write for each. Each section should have a clear starting point or question, followed by a discussion or statement of evidence, and ending with some kind of concluding point. @2000 words) Conclusion Try to sum up what you have discussed. What are the main points you want to emphasis? What is the most important thing you have discovered through this research? Can you make any personal observations reflections on the significance of what you have found? Finally you might reflect on further avenues for future research. (@500 words) Bibliography A list of sources (books, articles, films, buildings etc) If you want you can include texts y ou have read but not directly referenced. Illustrations you are encouraged to use illustrations (drawings, photographs, diagram, graphs etc) to support your argument. Make sure illustrations are positioned near the relevant text, have captions that clearly state what the illustration shows, and where it is from. Referencing Referencing is very important and it is good to get into the habit now. Proper referencing does two things: it demonstrates the range/depth of your research and it protects you from being accused of plagiarism. You need to give a reference every single time that you include a quote taken from someone else, or whenever you use a fact or statistic, or whenever you mention a theoretical position that is clearly drawn from a particular writer’s work. The department favours the Humanities system – sequentially numbered footnotes or endnotes. Microsoft:Word can do this automatically for you (insert, footnote/endnote). The footnote/endnote should state the: author, title (In italics), publisher, date and page number. ie, 1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London and New York: Verso, 1997), 17. If you quote from the same source you can shorten it i. e. 2. Nairn, Faces of Nationalism, 176. Editing An essay that looks slapdash, contains obvious errors, or repetitions, or has incomplete references, creates a poor impression. It is really important you make time to read through your essay and check spelling, formatting and that it makes sense. Presentation Front cover – name, title etc Pages numbered Clear readable font Clear section headings and contents page Illustrations Bibliography in alphabetical order at back. How to cite Father, Papers

Budwieser Essay Example For Students

Budwieser Essay Executive SummaryAnheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. continually seeks opportunities to maximizeshareholder value and increase efficiency. Through their extremely effective marketing strategies A-B has gained control of over 47% of the global market share. In the process of doing this, Anheuser-Busch has become one of the most recognizable trademarks. This is not without its faults though. Anheuser-Buschs aggressive advertising campaign has targeted more than who they bargained for. Through A-Bs catchy advertisements, they have attracted customers other than the 21+ age group, and recreational drinkers. It is the opinion of many researchers that Anheuser-Busch is negligent in their advertising, and insists that changes need to be made. Through proper regulation of their advertising, consumers would be allowed to make choices free of media persuasion. Situation AnalysisEnvironment:CooperativeAnheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. continually seeks opportunities to maximize shareholder value and increase efficiency. As noted in the Annual Report for 1999, Anheuser-Busch remains focused on three major objectives to enhance shareholder value:#61553; Increasing per barrel profitability which, when combined with continued market share growth, will provide solid long-term earnings per share growth. #61553; Profitable expansion of international beer operations by building the Budweiser brand worldwide and making selected investments in leading brewers in key international beer growth markets. The company has made significant marketing investments to build Budweiser brand recognition outside the United States and operates overseas breweries in China and the United Kingdom. The company also has a significant equity position in Grupo Modelo, Mexicos largest brewer and producer of the Corona brand. ;#61553; Continued support of profit growth in packaging and entertainment operations. Packaging operations provide significant efficiencies, cost savings and quality assurance for domestic beer operations, while entertainment operations enhance the companys corporate image by showcasing its heritage, values and commitment to quality and social responsibility to 19 million visitors annually as well as adding their profit contribution. The companys strong commitment to achieve these objectives benefits all firms and individuals that maintain a vested interest in their corporation. CompetitiveWith an estimated 47.5% of the total market share for 1999, Anheuser-Busch continues to widen the gap separating them from their nearest competitors. Budweiser and Bud Light are the No.1 and No. 2 best-selling beers in the world. Miller, their closest rival maintains 22.1% of the market share. The following chart illustrates market share in 1999 for the nations leading breweries. 1999 Market Share(Estimated)In 1999, they achieved record sales and earnings, selling over 100 million barrels of beer worldwide for the first time in history. August A. Busch III, Chairman of the Board and President, says his company owes its success to, The combination of outstanding domestic beer industry fundamentals, the highest quality and freshest beer in the industry and exceptional marketing and sales execution. According to Fortune Magazine, the company applies venerable marketing techniques more vigorously and imaginatively than the competition. The companys most important technique is target marketing. Anheuser-Busch sponsors events and runs advertising specifically aimed at all sorts of consumers: blacks, whites, blue-collar workers, computer-buffs, and sports fans. Sports fans make up a large, diverse population. The company has strategically positioned themselves to promote to this target audience, with 70% of their advertising dollars going towards sports programming. They have exclusive deals with 21 of 24 major league baseball teams, 21 of 28 National Football League franchises, 300 college sports teams, and most professional basketball, hockey, and soccer teams. Anheuser-Busch has been very effective in maintaining a competitive advantage over its fellow rivals. EconomicThe primary economic issue affecting this companys environment is taxation. The company is significantly impacted by federal, state and local taxes, including beer excise taxes. Beer excise taxes are a sin tax, which raise revenue for the government. The national median is 18 cents per gall on of beer (St Louis Post, 98). An increase in taxes effects costs to the company, hence, costs to the wholesalers and consumers. According to the Annual Report for 1999, taxes applicable to 1999 operations (not including the many indirect taxes included in materials and services purchased) totaled $3.0 billion an increase of $114 million, or 3.9%, vs. 1998 total taxes of $ billion. Taxes in 1998 increased 8.1%. The increases in taxes in 1999 and 1998 are primarily due to higher excise taxes on increased beer volume. The economic constraints beer excise taxes impose considerably affect the companys overall performance. Social The social environment plays a key role in how Anheuser-Busch effectively markets their product to its consumers. For apparent reasons, such as, alcohol abuse, underage drinking, and drunk driving, not everyone is in favor of promoting alcoholic beverages. Many individuals and organizations lobby against the brewing industry and have a strong voice in the political arena. MADD, (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) is well known for its prominent position in the fight to end alcohol abuse. There has been much controversy on how Anheuser-Busch chooses to advertise its beer products. Over the years, some of their most successful advertising campaigns have been targeted for promoting underage drinking. Listed below are article summaries related to this controversial issue. #61553; Controversy: Frothing Anti-drink Forces Set Out to Nip Spuds in the Bud (People, 10/26/87) MADD member, spots stuffed Spuds MacKenzie doll in toy store. MADD claims Anheuser-Busch is promoting alcohol to minors. Anheuser-Busch, places blame on merchandising pirates and claims Spuds items are not intended to be sold to people under 21. #61553; TV Ads vs. Alcohol Abuse Drive: Uneven Contest (St. Louis Dispatch, 1/30/93) Sue Giles, division director of Missouri states division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, says the brewing industry will spend more money to promote drinking in three minutes of Super Bowl commercials than Missouri will spend in one year to prevent alcohol abuse. ;#61553; Anheuser-Busch Shareholders Want Teen Drinking Advertising Study (Gannett News Service, 4/25/95) The Dominican Sisters of Adrian, Michigan, who number about 200 shareholders, argue that A-Bs beer advertising appeals to those under 21. They attend annual shareholder meeting to suggest study be conducted on current advertising strategies. #61553; Trouble Brewing Bud Frogs Appeal to Children New Study Says (St. Louis Dispatch, 4/25/96) The Center on Alcohol Advertising, based in Berkeley, California, conducted a study which indicated children from ages 9 to 11 were more likely to recognize Budweisers television frogs than Kelloggs Tony the Tiger, The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers or Smokey the Bear. #61553; Commentary: Do Budweiser Frogs Give Young People a Bad Idea? (Gannett News Service, 9/20/96) MADD believes the Budweiser frog ads clearly appeal to United States youth and believe the frog commercials should be banned from television. #61553; MADD Blasts Beer Company: Group Pushes Teen Drinking as Campaign Issue; Budweiser Defends Ads (The Dallas Morning News, 9/14/96) MADD says Buds animated bullfrogs are the Joe Camel of beer ads. Anheuser-Busch hosts news conference, spokeswoman, Francine I. Katz, states We are not helped by the abuse of our product. We are strong and out there with a voice that says we want our product consumed safely and by adults.;#61553; Anheuser-Busch Super Bowl Ad Encourages Parents to Talk to Teens to Prevent Illegal Drinking (Business Wire, 1/25/99) Anheuser-Busch Super Bowl Ad encourages parents to talk to teens to prevent illegal drinking. It is evident; alcohol advertising is subject to serious debate. These issues may place constraints on marketing activities and must be taken into consideration. In contrast, this company owes its success to its products popularity. A large majority of the adult population enjoys alcoholic beverages, drinks responsibly and is strongly in favor of promoting alcoholic beverages. Anheuser-Busch must be prepared to effectively handle the social controversy, which arises with the sale of their product. PoliticalThe political environment is very influential on the brewing industry. Often, social issues affect the political realm, consequently, placing more restrictions on the sales or consumption of alcohol. For instance, MADD seeks support from politicians during election time. Political leaders may then fight to increase alcohol taxes, as well as, place more restrictions on the marketing and consumption of alcohol. In 1993, Senator Paul Simon, of Illinois, introduced legislation that would require all liquor advertising to carry a Surgeon Generals warning. Also, due to the serious problems of drunk driving, efforts were made by state and federal officials to lower the blood-alcohol limit to .08 for offenders. Political influence impacts how the brewing industry handles its operations. Anheuser-Busch must respond accordingly to these political issues. They stress their opposition to alcohol abuse, underage drinking and drunk driving. With community programs across the United States , they lead the industry in the promotion of alcohol awareness and education. LegalThe legal environment in the brewing industry is often affected by social and political attitudes directed at constraining business practices. There has been much controversy over the advertising of alcohol products through various forms of media. For instance, Anheuser-Busch and Miller Brewing Co., ceased advertising on the MTV network after the FTC launched an investigation into the airing of beer commercials to an audience consisting of mostly underage viewers. The White House has requested the FCC investigate possible restrictions on liquor advertising on TV. Although, there are no federal regulations that apply to alcohol advertising, local governments have placed restrictions on alcohol advertising. Alcohol ads were recently banned from billboards in Baltimore, and other cities are planning similar actions (Journal of Advertising, 1998). These legal restrictions impact on Anheuser-Busch markets its product. Impact on wide area network EssayThe report also presents data on brand awareness and preference, attitudes toward drinking, and responses to selected advertisements (Atkin 93). The findings are based on survey and experimental research with a sample of 1,227 people of diverse backgrounds from different regions of the country conducted in 1992-93. Strategic Alternatives for Solving ProblemDescription of Strategic Alternative OneIt is clear that alcohol advertising has very serious detrimental effects on its target audience. While advertising is an integral part in every organizations ability to market its products, we need to be more conscious of the message that is being sent out to potential consumers of alcohol. While the current ads are very effective in marketing alcohol, they need to focus more on the product and less on the lifestyle. There also needs to be defined limits on how much advertising can be done, where it can be done, as well as what time the ads can be run, ultimately avoiding the underage and underprivileged audience. Also, there needs to be a clear message of drinking responsibly in every single ad that markets alcohol. For this to be done fairly and effectively, it should be the responsibility of a government body to impose these new regulations. That way the same rule would be applied to all alcohol brewing companies. In addition to regulating the advertising of alcohol, tax deductions allowed to businesses for advertising need to be taken away from producers of products that have the potential to harm its consumers. In a study based on data from the 75 top television markets in the U.S. from 1986 to 1989, Saffer argues that increased advertising leads to increased consumption which, in turn, results in increased motor vehicle deaths. He estimates that eliminating the tax deduction for alcohol advertising would reduce alcohol advertising by 15%, resulting in 1,300 fewer motor vehicle deaths per year. Benefits of Alternative One The obvious benefits of a controlled advertising campaign would be a more accurate targeting of the legal drinking market, a less distorted image of what the product will do for its consumer, and fewer alcohol related injuries and violence. Budweiser has been an innovator in the area of responsible advertising. While they are still not perfect, they have taken steps to encourage responsibility when drinking. Actions like those are what helped many believe that Budweiser is a responsible corporate citizen, in turn, making consumers feel better about buying Bud products. Costs of Alternative One The cost of regulated advertising will be a reduction in sales. To offset the loss in revenue, Anheuser-Busch could look into foreign markets, as well as creating new product lines that could compliment their current line but not contribute to its consumption. By looking at the big picture though, a more responsible advertising campaign would limit Buds liability in lawsuits and other litigation that would involve over-consumption. Description of Strategic Alternative TwoThe alternative to limiting advertising would be to eliminate alcohol-related advertising all together. In this case, the products could only be advertised directly where they are sold. Grocery stores would only have advertisements in the liquor department, sporting events would rely strictly on the mobile beer vendors, and other venues could only advertise in the actual beer garden. Benefits of Alternative Two Clearly, a reduction in consumption would be attributed to this type of, Out of site, out of mind campaign. Without the constant bombardment from advertisers, people might actually choose an alternative to consuming alcohol. Costs of Alternative TwoThe cost of eliminating advertising will be a reduction in sales. To offset the loss in revenue, Anheuser-Busch could look into foreign markets, as well as creating new product lines that could compliment their current line but not contribute to its consumption. Selection of Strategic Alternative and ImplementationStatement of Selected StrategyRegulated advertising would be the best strategy for all parties involved. Justification for Selection of StrategyWhile regulated advertising wouldnt reduce alcohol consumption the most, it would allow consumers make decisions without the usual bombardment associated with current alcohol advertising. Given the opportunity to make a clear decision, I believe consumers would make more appropriate decisions, as well as benefit from the message of drinking more responsibly. This would also be the most favorable strategy from Anheuser-Buschs point of view. Completely banning alcohol advertising would infringe on some of their basic rights. Description of Implementation of StrategyTo implement this strategy, it would take the support of a government agencies like the FTC, FDA, or FCC. It would be their responsibility to set guidelines for each company to abide by. They would then need to monitor those advertising activities to ensure complete compliance with the regulations. Works Cited1999 Annual Report, Anheuser-Busch CompaniesAnheuser-Busch Announces Record Sales and Earnings for the Fourth Quarter and Full Year 1999; Worldwide A-B Brand Shipments Exceed 100 Million Barrels. Business Wire, 2/2/2000. Online. Electric Library. Atkin, C.K., The Role of Alcohol Advertising in Excessive and Hazardous Drinking.Journal of Drug Education 1993, p.313-325Best, Kathleen. Simon Wants Warning on Liquor Ads. St. Louis Post-Dispatch 3/31/93, p. 15A. Online. Electric Library. Fox, RichardJ.;Krugman, Dean M.; Fletcher, James E.;Fischer, Paul M., Adolescents attention to beer and cigarette print ads and associated product warnings. Journal of Advertising, 9/22/98. vol. 27. p. 57. Online. Electric Library. Gerbner, G., Stories That Hurt. Journal for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1990, p. 53-57Saffers, H., Alcohol Advertising and Motor Vehicle Fatalities. Review of Economics and Statisitics. 1993, p.431-442Sellers, Patricia. Selling: How Busch Wins in a Doggy Market. Fortune Magazine, 6/22/87, p. 99. Electric Library. Tax and Sin in Moderation. St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2/26/98. Electric Library.